Tradition says that Kashmir was once a tributary of China; and because there was not much money in the valley and cattle was difficult to transport, men and women were sent yearly as tribute to that country [Begar System]. When Zainulabadin [1423-1474] obtained possession of Kashmir he declined to pay the tribute, whereupon the Shah-i-Chin sent a parwana, censuring him, and threatening him that if he did not quickly comply with the custom of his predecessors in the valley he would make war on him, and ruin him and every one and everything belonging to him.
![]() |
Found the photograph in A lonely summer in Kashmir (1904) by Margaret Cotter Morison |
“Oh, holy man,” said he to the faqir,”I perceive that you have done this thing. Tell me, I prey you, why you have brought me here.”
“I have transported you hither,” replied Bahadin, “in order that you might meet face to face with Zainulabadin, and promise him that you will abolish this wicked custom. Give it up, and God will bless you, and the people of this country will thank you.”
The Shah-i-Chin was pricked to the heart by these words, and cutting his finger, so that the blood oozed out, he called for a pen and some paper, and at once wrote an order declaring Kashmir an independent state. Then Bahadin presented him with some peaches, apricots, walnuts, and other fruits, and caused him to arrive at his country again. When the Shah related to his people what had happened to him and what he had seen, his people would not believe him; but afterwards, when he showed them the differed fruits that the faqir had given him, they were convinced, and applauded his deed.
~ A footnote in 'Folk-Tales of Kashmir' by Rev. J. Hinton Knowles (1888).
Kashmiris still tell strange tales of their saints intervening in wars and saving Kashmir.
-0-
Update: The part about "Kashmir was once a tributary of China" seems to have confused a few people who see the world as it is today and think it was always like this. Here's some more on the tradition that histories written in Kashmir conveniently forgot to mention:
During the time of the Chinese progress in far West, Turkestan, Western Tibet, and Kashmir became part of the celestial empire. These conquests took place during the first part of the eighth century. From the Chinese annals we learn that “the first embassy from Kashmir arrived at the Imperial Court on or shortly after A.D.713. In the year 720 Tchen-tho-lo-pi-li, ruler of Kashmir, the Chandrapida of the Kashmir chronicles, was accorded by imperial decree the title of king.” It is of some interest to notice that the Kashmir book of chronicles, the famous Rajatarangini does not make the least mention of the subjugation of Kashmir by China, nor does it refer to the annual tribute that had to be sent to China. The Kashmir policy of those days seems to have been one of yielding to the strong and bullying the weal. It looks as id the Kashmir troops had not offered much resistance to the Chinese, and as if the Kashmir king had early sought the friendship of the Chinese. He was apparently quite satisfied with his recognition as a vassal king. It was different with Western Tibet. Although the land was split up into a great number of petty principalities, as will be shown more fully in the next chapter, the Tibetans were ready to fight; and the state which offered the most serious obstacle to the progress of the Chinese was Baltistan. Several expeditions became necessary against Po-liu, as Baltistan was then called, and the first of them took place some time between 736 and 747.
With a sufficient army at one’s disposal, it could not have been very difficult to gain a victory over one or other of the numerous little kingdoms between Leh and Kashmir which were continually at war with each other; and this fact was recognized by the next Kashmir king, Lalitaditya, or Muktapida, the Mou-to-pi of the Chinese annals. He boasted of his victories over the Tibetans, and, although his expeditions against them were mere raids for the sake of plunder, he pretended he had been engaged in serious operations.
He sent an envoy called Ou-li-to to the Chinese court. This man was to report the victories of his master over the Tibetans, and at the same time to solicit the establishment of a camp of Chinese troops by the banks of the lake Mo-ho-to-mo-loung (Mahapadma, or Volur lake). The Kashmir king offered to provide all necessary supplies for an auxiliary force of 200,000 men. But the “Divine Khan” found it more convenient to content himself with issuing decrees for the sumptuous entertainment of the ambassador and for the recognition of Muktapida under the title of king. “Since that time the relations of Kashmir with the celestial empire and the payment of tribute from the former is said to have continued to this day.”
[parts quoted from Dr M. A.
Stein’s Ancient Geography of Kashmir]
~ From 'A History of Western Tibet: One of the Unknown Empires' by August Hermann Franck (1907).
-0-
"China supplied military aid to Kashmir. In Lalitaditya's time she [Kashmir] depended on Chinese help to fight the Tibetans...It is apparent that Kashmir as a subordinate ally assisted China in her enterprises in that region...so long as the Tang dynasty was in power, she evinced great strength. But with the decline of the Tangs...Kashmir is no longer seen to carry on a policy of expansion. She retired from the scene, never to appear again."
~ Early History and Culture of Kashmir by S.C. Ray.
-0-
"China supplied military aid to Kashmir. In Lalitaditya's time she [Kashmir] depended on Chinese help to fight the Tibetans...It is apparent that Kashmir as a subordinate ally assisted China in her enterprises in that region...so long as the Tang dynasty was in power, she evinced great strength. But with the decline of the Tangs...Kashmir is no longer seen to carry on a policy of expansion. She retired from the scene, never to appear again."
~ Early History and Culture of Kashmir by S.C. Ray.
No comments:
Post a Comment